Abstract
ABSTRACTA diamond drill core from the upper part of the Jeerinah Formation (∼2.63 Ga), underlying the Hamersley Group, deposited at a time when the oxygen concentrations in the marine environment were extremely low, was examined for microbial fossils. The paper presents organo-mineral structures in the form of twisted stalks produced by bacteria being present in the laminated black carbonaceous shale sediments. These twisted stalks are organo-mineral structures produced by microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing-type bacteria such as Gallionella and/or Mariprofundus that are active at very low-oxygen concentrations, thus providing evidence for oxygen being present in the marine environment at 2.63 Ga.
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