Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are responsible for the development of various chronic wound-related and implant-mediated infections and confer protection to the pathogenic bacteria against antimicrobial drugs and host immune responses. Hence, biofilm-mediated chronic infections have created a tremendous burden upon healthcare systems worldwide. The development of biofilms upon the surface of medical implants has resulted in the failure of various implant-based surgeries and therapies. Although different conventional chemical and physical agents are used as antimicrobials, they fail to kill the sessile forms of bacterial pathogens due to the resistance exerted by the exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrices of the biofilm. One of the major techniques used in addressing such a problem is to directly check the biofilm formation by the use of novel antibiofilm materials, local drug delivery, and device-associated surface modifications, but the success of these techniques is still limited. The immense expansion in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology has resulted in the development of novel nanomaterials as biocidal agents that can be either easily integrated within biomaterials to prevent the colonization of microbial cells or directly approach the pathogen overcoming the biofilm matrix. The antibiofilm efficacies of these nanomaterials are accomplished by the generation of oxidative stresses and through alterations of the genetic expressions. Microorganism-assisted synthesis of nanomaterials paved the path to success in such therapeutic approaches and is found to be more acceptable for its “greener” approach. Metallic nanoparticles functionalized with microbial enzymes, silver–platinum nanohybrids (AgPtNHs), bacterial nanowires, superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4), and nanoparticles synthesized by both magnetotactic and non-magnetotactic bacteria showed are some of the examples of such agents used to attack the EPS.
Highlights
Global mortality and morbidity is maximally associated with infectious diseases and is one of the profound causes for the development of antibiotic resistance
Since application of microbiogenic nanomaterials that can be used for the disruption of the biofilm matrix may be a significant strategy to combat biofilm-mediated infections, the present study presents an overview of nanomaterials synthesized from various microbial sources, their characteristic features, and their antibiofilm nature with a critical elucidation of their mode of action
Genetic modification resulting in the enhancement of click beetle luciferase (CBR), thereby increasing the production of NPs The synthesis of the NPs occurs by the venous proteins that occur by genetic modifications and expression of RGD Various types of extracellular and intracellular enzymes like glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase, pyrophosphgorylase, UDPG, and cellulose synthase
Summary
Global mortality and morbidity is maximally associated with infectious diseases and is one of the profound causes for the development of antibiotic resistance. The phenotypic and genotypic expressions of the sessile cells differ from the planktonic forms and are majorly associated with the development of resistances against antibiotics. The various infections that are associated with the biofilm on various biomedical surfaces are considered to be dangerous in healthcare sectors in comparison to the planktonic forms (Allegranzi et al, 2011; Zarb et al, 2012).This has resulted in the urgency to develop alternate therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections, precisely through disintegration of the EPS matrix. The development of nanomaterials is a new and promising strategy for acting as therapeutic agents against various types of biofilm-associated pathogenic infections that are associated with implants and medical devices (Pircalabioru and Chifiriuc, 2020). Since application of microbiogenic nanomaterials that can be used for the disruption of the biofilm matrix may be a significant strategy to combat biofilm-mediated infections, the present study presents an overview of nanomaterials synthesized from various microbial sources, their characteristic features, and their antibiofilm nature with a critical elucidation of their mode of action
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