Abstract
Due to environmental persistence and biotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), it is urgent to develop potential technologies to remediate PBDEs. Introducing electrodes for microbial electricity generation to stimulate the anaerobic degradation of organic pollutants is highly promising for bioremediation. However, it is still not clear whether the degradation of PBDEs could be promoted by this strategy. In this study, we hypothesized that the degradation of PBDEs (e.g., BDE-209) would be enhanced under microbial electricity generation condition. The functional compositions and structures of microbial communities in closed-circuit microbial fuel cell (c-MFC) and open-circuit microbial fuel cell (o-MFC) systems for BDE-209 degradation were detected by a comprehensive functional gene array, GeoChip 4.0, and linked with PBDE degradations. The results indicated that distinctly different microbial community structures were formed between c-MFCs and o-MFCs, and that lower concentrations of BDE-209 and the resulting lower brominated PBDE products were detected in c-MFCs after 70-day performance. The diversity and abundance of a variety of functional genes in c-MFCs were significantly higher than those in o-MFCs. Most genes involved in chlorinated solvent reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, methoxylation and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation were highly enriched in c-MFCs and significantly positively correlated with the removal of PBDEs. Various other microbial functional genes for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycling, as well as energy transformation process, were also significantly increased in c-MFCs. Together, these results suggest that PBDE degradation could be enhanced by introducing the electrodes for microbial electricity generation and by specifically stimulating microbial functional genes.
Highlights
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants that have caused considerable concern in recent years due to their elevated levels of detection in the environment, human tissues [1,2]
Our results indicated that microbial electricity generation dramatically increased microbial community functional gene diversity and abundance, especially those genes involved in chlorinated solvent remediation and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, which were correlated with BDE-209 degradation
Different PBDE congener profiles were observed between circuit microbial fuel cell (c-microbial fuel cells (MFCs)) and open-circuit microbial fuel cell (o-MFC)
Summary
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants that have caused considerable concern in recent years due to their elevated levels of detection in the environment, human tissues [1,2]. Penta-BDE, octa-BDE and decaBDE are three major commercial PBDE mixtures. The former two products have been included on the Stockholm convention list of priority persistent organic pollutants and banned from the European market since 2003 and effectively eliminated in North America since 2005 [3]. BDE209 was detected as the substantially dominant PBDE congeners in sediment environments [4]. The degradation of these highly persistent halogenated compounds is very slow and always produces toxic lower brominated PBDE congeners under anaerobic conditions [8]
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