Abstract
In this study we analysed fecal bacterial communities and parasites of three important Indonesian fish species, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus sexfasciatus and Atule mate. We then compared the biodiversity of bacterial communities and parasites of these three fish species collected in highly polluted Jakarta Bay with those collected in less polluted Indonesian areas of Cilacap (E. sexfasciatus, A. mate) and Thousand Islands (E. fuscoguttatus). In addition, E. fuscoguttatus from net cages in an open water mariculture facility was compared with free living E. fuscoguttatus from its surroundings. Both core and shared microbiomes were investigated. Our results reveal that, while the core microbiomes of all three fish species were composed of fairly the same classes of bacteria, the proportions of these bacterial classes strongly varied. The microbial composition of phylogenetically distant fish species, i.e. A. mate and E. sexfasciatus from Jakarta Bay and Cilacap were more closely related than the microbial composition of more phylogentically closer species, i.e. E. fuscoguttatus, E. sexfasciatus from Jakarta Bay, Cilacap and Thousand Islands. In addition, we detected a weak negative correlation between the load of selected bacterial pathogens, i.e. Vibrio sp. and Photobacterium sp. and the number of endoparasites. In the case of Flavobacterium sp. the opposite was observed, i.e. a weak positive correlation. Of the three recorded pathogenic bacterial genera, Vibrio sp. was commonly found in E. fuscoguttatus from mariculture, and lessly in the vicinity of the net cages and rarely in the fishes from the heavily polluted waters from Jakarta Bay. Flavobacterium sp. showed higher counts in mariculture fish and Photobacteria sp. was the most prominent in fish inside and close to the net cages.
Highlights
Indonesia’s population growth and rapid economic development has led to an increased production of wastewater, from industry, farming and households [1]
The samples were obtained from Jakarta Bay in the North of Jakarta (A. mate, E. sexfasciatus), a booming coastal megacity in Indonesia with over nine million inhabitants
8,453,888 valid sequence reads binned into 484 Operational taxonomic units (OTU) were retrieved from 24 fecal samples of the three target species
Summary
Indonesia’s population growth and rapid economic development has led to an increased production of wastewater, from industry, farming and households [1]. Inadequately purified wastewater is regularly disposed into coastal waters, resulting in a negative influence on marine ecosystems and its inhabitants [2] Other anthropogenic activities such as capture fisheries and aquaculture affect benthic communities as well as local fish communities and their environment [1, 3,4,5]. Fish parasites have been recognized as important sentinel organisms that are able to detect changes in environmental conditions [7,8,9] Their diversity in tropical Indonesian waters is high, resulting in more than 80 different fish parasite species that have been recorded from groupers (Epinephelinae) kept under mariculture conditions [10]. Comparative samples, representing cleaner water bodies, were collected at Pulau Seribu (E. fuscuguttatus), a chain of islands located to the North of Jakarta Bay, consisting of 110 islands stretching 45 km North into the Java Sea, added to the Thousand Islands Marine National Park in 2002, and from coastal waters off Cilacap (A. mate, E. sexfasciatus), a city at the South coast of Central Java
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
