Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi. To mitigate mycotoxins in food or feed, biotransformation is an emerging technology in which microorganisms degrade toxins into non-toxic metabolites. To monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) biotransformation, analytical tools such as ELISA and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are typically used. However, these techniques do not give a decisive answer about the remaining toxicity of possible biotransformation products. Hence, a bioassay using Lemna minor L. was developed. A dose–response analysis revealed significant inhibition in the growth of L. minor exposed to DON concentrations of 0.25 mg/L and higher. Concentrations above 1 mg/L were lethal for the plant. This bioassay is far more sensitive than previously described systems. The bioassay was implemented to screen microbial enrichment cultures, originating from rumen fluid, soil, digestate and activated sludge, on their biotransformation and detoxification capability of DON. The enrichment cultures originating from soil and activated sludge were capable of detoxifying and degrading 5 and 50 mg/L DON. In addition, the metabolites 3-epi-DON and the epimer of de-epoxy-DON (3-epi-DOM-1) were found as biotransformation products of both consortia. Our work provides a new valuable tool to screen microbial cultures for their detoxification capacity.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, posing serious risks to health and economy when present in food or feed products
After used as inoculum for DON‐degrading enrichment cultures. These cultures were analyzed on their development the bioassay,with a diverse set of matrices comprising rumen fluid, soil,capabilities digestate from detoxificationof capabilities the bioassay and on their biotransformation with an anaerobic digester and activated sludge from a water treatment plant, were used as inoculum for analytical tools
We have developed and implemented a highly sensitive bioassay using Lemna minor L
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, posing serious risks to health and economy when present in food or feed products. DON has been tested on (phyto)toxicity and relative toxicity towards other mycotoxins with several bioassays (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, wheat, Lemna pausicostata, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Artemia salina L (brine shrimp larvae), Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliated protozoa) and (engineered) yeasts [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47] These bioassays are inexpensive, fast and require a lower workload. After used as inoculum for DON‐degrading enrichment cultures These cultures were analyzed on their development the bioassay,with a diverse set of matrices comprising rumen fluid, soil,capabilities digestate from detoxificationof capabilities the bioassay and on their biotransformation with an anaerobic digester and activated sludge from a water treatment plant, were used as inoculum for analytical tools. These cultures were analyzed on their detoxification capabilities with the bioassay and on their biotransformation capabilities with analytical tools
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