Abstract
Organic wood extractives—resin acids—significantly contribute to an increase in the toxicity level of pulp and paper industry effluents. Entering open ecosystems, resin acids accumulate and have toxic effects on living organisms, which can lead to the ecological imbalance. Among the most effective methods applied to neutralize these ecotoxicants is enzymatic detoxification using microorganisms. A fundamental interest in the in-depth study of the oxidation mechanisms of resin acids and the search for their key biodegraders is increasing every year. Compounds from this group receive attention because of the need to develop highly effective procedures of resin acid removal from pulp and paper effluents and also the possibility to obtain their derivatives with pronounced pharmacological effects. Over the past fifteen years, this is the first report analyzing the data on distribution, the impacts on living organisms, and the microbial transformation of resin acids. Using the example of dehydroabietic acid—the dominant compound of resin acids in effluents—the review discusses the features of interactions between microorganisms and this pollutant and also highlights the pathways and main products of resin acid bioconversion.
Highlights
The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world
A seasonal of resin acids (RAs) concentration concentration in thepine wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) that their concentration increased in the wood of Scots (Pinus sylvestris) showed that theirshowed concentration increased from 3.17%
A general DHA biodegradation pathway was proposed based on genetic investigation of bacterial strains capable of degrading the abietane RAs isolated from a paper mills (PPMs) (Scheme 1) [70,71,72]
Summary
According to the UN, pulp production has increased from 163.5 to 183.9 million tons since the beginning of the 21st century [1]. Produced by coniferous plants of Pinaceae Lindl, resin acids (RAs) are one of the dominant groups of toxic compounds in liquid waste of pulp and paper mills (PPMs) [3]. Accumulated in tissues and organs of the aquatic biota representatives, RAs cause irreversible negative effects, like red blood cell hemolysis, hepatocellular damage, and ATP depletion of nerve cells [5,6]. In this context, it is essential to search for efficient means of ecotoxicant removal. RAs, and production of compounds with pronounced pharmacological actions.
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