Abstract
In view of increasing antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative treatment method used to eradicate the microbial community of oral biofilms that can be responsible for different oral infections. In order to investigate changes in the microbial composition after application of aPDT with visible light and water-filtered infrared A (VIS+wIRA) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG), oral microorganisms of the initial and mature biofilm were evaluated by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). To determine surviving microorganisms using MALDI-TOF-MS, an in situ biofilm was irradiated with VIS+wIRA for five minutes in the presence of ICG (300 and 450 µg/mL, respectively). Treatment with chlorhexidine (0.2%) served as positive control. Identified microorganisms of the initial biofilm treated with ICG showed a clear reduction in diversity. The microbial composition of the mature oral biofilm also showed changes after the implementation of aPDT, which mainly resulted in a shift in the percentage of bacterial species. The resulting destruction of the microbial balance within the oral biofilm by aPDT using VIS+wIRA and ICG can be seen as an advantageous supplementary approach in the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
Highlights
The treatment of biofilm-associated diseases is one of the most important challenges in medicine, especially due to increasing antibiotic resistance
The current study examined the influence of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with visible light wavelengths (VIS)+wIRA in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) on the in situ microbial community after a biofilm formation period of two hours and three days, respectively
The oral biofilm was treated by visible light and water-filtered infrared A (VIS+wIRA) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) and the surviving bacteria were isolated and identified using the culture technique and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)
Summary
The treatment of biofilm-associated diseases is one of the most important challenges in medicine, especially due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Consisting of different bacterial species and extracellular polymeric substance, biofilms can be found in many border areas in the human body and can cause serious infections in the ears, urinary tract, around catheters or implants and especially in the oral cavity [1]. More than 60% of all microbial infections seem to be related to microbial biofilms [2] This includes oral biofilms consisting of more than 700 different. The question of “which bacterial composition is defined as healthy oral flora” still remains open. In this context, diverse literature reports describe the health-promoting properties of individual microorganisms, such as Actinomyces spp., Neisseria spp., Granulicatella spp., Veillonella spp. and some streptococci [7]. The predominant phyla found in the study were Firmicutes (genera Streptococcus, Granulicatella and Veillonella), Actinobacteria (genera Actinomyces, Rothia and Corynebacterium), Proteobacteria (genera Neisseria and Haemophilus), Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes (genera Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Capnocytophaga)
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