Microbial community responses determine how soil–atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide responds to soil moisture

Thomas Behrendt,Zhigang Yi,Steffen Kolb,Elisa C P Catão,Elena Schweer,Rüdiger Bunk,Susan Trumbore,Jürgen Kesselmeier

doi:10.5194/soil-5-121-2019

Abstract

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle and is relevant for climate change due to its role as a greenhouse gas, in aerosol formation and atmospheric chemistry. The similarities of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and OCS molecules within chemical and plant metabolic pathways have led to the use of OCS as a proxy for global gross CO2 fixation by plants (gross primary production, GPP). However, unknowns such as the OCS exchange from soils, where simultaneous OCS production (POCS) and consumption (UOCS) occur, currently limits the use of OCS as a GPP proxy. We estimated POCS and UOCS by measuring net fluxes of OCS, carbon monoxide (CO), and nitric oxide (NO) in a dynamic chamber system fumigated with air containing different mixing ratios [OCS]. Nine soils with different land use were rewetted and soil–air exchange was monitored as soils dried out to assess responses to changing moisture. A major control of OCS exchange was the total amount of available sulfur in the soil. POCS production rates were highest for soils at WFPS (water-filled pore space) >60 % and rates were negatively related to thiosulfate concentrations. These moist soils switched from a net source to a net sink activity at moderate moisture levels (WFPS 15 % to 37 %). For three soils we measured NO and CO mixing ratios at different mixing ratios of OCS and revealed that NO and potentially CO exchange rates are linked to UOCS at moderate soil moisture. High nitrate concentrations correlated with maximum OCS release rates at high soil moisture. For one of the investigated soils, the moisture and OCS mixing ratio was correlated with different microbial activity (bacterial 16S rRNA, fungal ITS RNA relative abundance) and gene transcripts of red-like cbbL and amoA.

Highlights

Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfurcontaining trace gas in the troposphere with a lifetime in the order of years
We investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) exchange rates measured over a range of different moisture conditions and in different soils reveal the influence of soil moisture on the underlying microbial metabolisms of the net soil OCS exchange
The two desert soils (D1 and D2, sand content ≥ 90 % determined according to ISO 11277) produced up to 3.3 to 9.56 pmol g−1 h−1 at high soil moisture, with fluxes declining as the soil dried out (Fig. 1c)

Summary

Introduction

Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfurcontaining trace gas in the troposphere with a lifetime in the order of years. OCS contributes to warming of the troposphere and cooling of the stratosphere, and both processes are considered balanced (Brühl et al, 2012). Plants simultaneously take up carbon dioxide (CO2) and OCS by the enzymes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCO). Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enhances this uptake process, since it accumulates CO2 intracellularly (Protoschill-Krebs and Kesselmeier, 1992; Protoschill-Krebs et al, 1996). Photosynthesis represents the largest global OCS, i.e., 0.73 to 1.5 Tg S a−1 (Sandoval-Soto et al, 2005). Fluxes of OCS are closely related to gross CO2 uptake during photosynthesis

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Conclusion