Abstract
Flower pollen is collected by honeybee foragers, adhered on their rear legs and transported into the hives in the form of pellets. Once in the hives, bee pollen is moisturised with nectar and bee mouth secretions and due to enzymatically modifications it becomes the so-called bee-bread, the protein reservoir of young bees. Bee pollen can be artificially removed from bee legs and collected by using specific systems, the bee pollen traps. Bee pollen is commercialized for human consumption as fresh product and after freezing or drying. Although bee pollen is nowadays largely consumed in developed countries, as food or food supplement according to local legislation, little is known on its safety related to microbiological hazards. In this work, we aimed to characterize for the first time the microbiological profile of Italian bee pollen in fresh, frozen and dried form collected along an entire harvesting season. Moreover, monthly microbiological analyses were performed on frozen (storage at -18°C) and dried (storage at room temperature) bee pollen over a 4 months period. Further aim of this work was the evaluation of the possible impact on production level of three different traps used for pollen collection. Our results on microbial contamination of fresh and frozen bee pollen show that a more comprehensive microbiological risk assessment of bee pollen is required. On the other side, dried pollen showed very low microbial contamination and no pathogen survived after the drying process and during storage.
Highlights
Nutrition plays an essential role in the health and growth of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies
The quantity of pollen collected during the whole period was 13.0, 15.8 and 12.5 Kg for Front Trap (FT), Wall Trap (WT) and Bottom Trap (BT), respectively
Our results show that the same microbiological qualitative parameter has a similar trend in all types of traps, with slight differences in WT, despite results of one-way Anova analysis, performed considering the single sampling point as a replicated sampling, showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in bacterial load for each qualitative parameter among the three different traps (Fig 7)
Summary
Nutrition plays an essential role in the health and growth of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Flower nectar and pollen provide nutrients for bees, being the former source of energy and the latter of aminoacids and vitamins. Pollen is collected from flowers and moistened by bees with nectar and mouth secretions, becoming “bee pollen”, to be accumulated on curbicula of bee rear legs and transported into the hives [1, 2]. Bee pollen is stored in honeycomb where the lactic acid fermentation occurs [3]. This kind of pollen is called "bee bread". Bee pollen is considered a human functional food [4] and it is a growing business for the beekeeping industry.
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