Abstract
A multistage human gastrointestinal model was used to digest a polyphenol-rich potato extract containing chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin as the primary polyphenols, to assess for their microbial biotransformation and to measure changes in antioxidant capacity in up to 24 h of digestion. The biotransformation of polyphenols was assessed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Antioxidant capacity was measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Among the colonic reactors, parent (poly)phenols were detected in the ascending (AC), but not the transverse (TC) or descending (DC) colons. The most abundant microbial phenolic metabolites in all colonic reactors included derivatives of propionic acid, acetic acid, and benzoic acid. As compared to the baseline, an earlier increase in antioxidant capacity (T = 8 h) was seen in the stomach and small intestine vessels as compared to the AC (T = 16 h) and TC and DC (T = 24 h). The increase in antioxidant capacity observed in the DC and TC can be linked to the accumulation of microbial smaller-molecular-weight phenolic catabolites, as the parent polyphenolics had completely degraded in those vessels. The colonic microbial digestion of potato-based polyphenols could lead to improved colonic health, as this generates phenolic metabolites with significant antioxidant potential.
Highlights
Dietaryphenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widespread in fruits, vegetables, seeds, and plant-derived beverages such as tea and coffee [1]
The relatively shorter time for increased rutin have antioxidant properties [43,49], the more rapid increase in antioxidant capacity in the antioxidant capacity following phenolic-rich potato extract (PRPE) addition in the AC compartment versus the DC and transverse colon (TC) can be stomach and small intestine (SI) reactors can be attributed to the parentphenolics, which showed no apparent attributed to the concurrent presence of both the parentphenolics and their microbial degradation in those vessels
Association of antioxidant activitiesacid, withvanillic the simpler microbial phenolic acid protocatechuic acid metabolites generated from PRPE digestion highlights the utility of simulated digestion and fermentation for the assessment of bioactive properties of polyphenol-rich plant food extracts
Summary
Dietary (poly)phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widespread in fruits, vegetables, seeds, and plant-derived beverages such as tea and coffee [1]. Only one-third of ingested chlorogenic acid and 2–15% of flavonoids were estimated to be absorbed in the stomach and small intestine (SI) [15] Due to their poor bioavailability, substantial amounts of (poly)phenolics reach the large intestine, where they undergo degradation by gut microflora into a range of smaller-molecular-weight compounds [16]. The gut microbial-mediated biotransformation of (poly)phenolics could contribute to their systemic health benefits, as their smaller-molecular-weight by-products are more bioavailable [17] This phenomenon is evidenced by the appearance of microbial metabolites in the plasma of healthy participants with an intact colon approximately 6–12 h following the ingestion of supplements of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, or rutin [18,19,20]. The antioxidant potential of the digests of PRPE was assessed at different stages of digestion using an antioxidant capacity assay
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