Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is considered to be the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. C. jejuni can cause bloody diarrhoea, fever and abdominal pain in humans along with post-infectious sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (a paralytic autoimmune complication). C. jejuni infections can be fatal, particularly among young children. C. jejuni are distributed in most warm-blooded animals, and therefore the main route of transmission is generally foodborne, via the consumption and handling of meat products (particularly poultry). C. jejuni is microaerophilic and oxygen-sensitive, although it appears to be omnipresent in the environment, one of the many contradictions of Campylobacter.
Highlights
Graphical abstract (Top left) Campylobacter jejuni model. (Top right) C. jejuni transmission routes between humans, animals and the environment. (Bottom left) Are C. jejuni intracellular? Visualization of GFP C. jejuni within eukaryotic T84 cells using fluorescence confocal microscopy
It has been suggested that the Epsilonproteobacteria subclass within the Proteobacteria may not be warranted and should be reassigned to a novel phylum [1]
The bacterium is oxidase-p ositive and energy is typically obtained from amino acids or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates rather than the utilization of carbohydrates
Summary
Graphical abstract (Top left) Campylobacter jejuni model. (Top right) C. jejuni transmission routes between humans, animals ( avian species) and the environment. (Bottom left) Are C. jejuni intracellular? Visualization of GFP C. jejuni within eukaryotic T84 cells using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Graphical abstract (Top left) Campylobacter jejuni model. (Top right) C. jejuni transmission routes between humans, animals ( avian species) and the environment. Visualization of GFP C. jejuni within eukaryotic T84 cells using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Live bacteria (OD600 of 0.1) were added and co-incubated with T84 cells for 2 h. Cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde, washed with PBS, stained and mounted. Cells were immunostained with anti- wheat germ agglutinin to indicate membranes (red) with DAPI to indicate nuclei (blue), with C. jejuni GFP (green) (courtesy of Dr Abdi Elmi). (Bottom right) The major factors aiding C. jejuni survival include stress countering enzymes and their respective regulators, type VI secretion system (T6SS), O- and N-linked glycosylation systems, capsule, lipooligosaccharide, outer membrane vesicles and the flagella for motility and secretion of effectors Cells were immunostained with anti- wheat germ agglutinin to indicate membranes (red) with DAPI to indicate nuclei (blue), with C. jejuni GFP (green) (courtesy of Dr Abdi Elmi). (Bottom right) The major factors aiding C. jejuni survival include stress countering enzymes and their respective regulators, type VI secretion system (T6SS), O- and N-linked glycosylation systems, capsule, lipooligosaccharide, outer membrane vesicles and the flagella for motility and secretion of effectors
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