Abstract
Indoor dust deposition, including long-term (>10 years) deposition, short-term (~0.5 year) deposition, and pigment flake samples from partially restored warriors were collected in Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Morphological and elemental analyses of individual particles were performed with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry to investigate their composition and potential to damage the statues. Most of the indoor dust was composed of clay minerals, fly ash, and biogenic particles. Particles in 51.5% of the short-term deposition, and 49.5% of the long-term deposition contained elemental sulfur. Particles which contained sulfur were mostly associated with calcium sulfate in an internally mixed state with clay or quartz. Crystals of calcium sulfate were also found near interconnected pits and cracks on the outer surface of pigment flakes, revealing an acidic chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide and pigment material or deposited particles as the cause of pits and cracks on the statues’ faces.
Highlights
The conservation of cultural heritage and its protection against possible damage from air pollution is of increasing scientific concern (Brimblecombe, 1990; Nazaroff and Cass, 1991; Yoon and Brimblecombe, 2001; Brimblecombe, 2003)
Indoor dust deposition, including long-term (>10 years) deposition, short-term (~0.5 year) deposition, and pigment flake samples from partially restored warriors were collected in Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
Crystals of calcium sulfate were found near interconnected pits and cracks on the outer surface of pigment flakes, revealing an acidic chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide and pigment material or deposited particles as the cause of pits and cracks on the statues’ faces
Summary
The conservation of cultural heritage and its protection against possible damage from air pollution is of increasing scientific concern (Brimblecombe, 1990; Nazaroff and Cass, 1991; Yoon and Brimblecombe, 2001; Brimblecombe, 2003). Air pollution can cause chemical damage or soiling of surfaces due to particle deposition or absorption of gases (De Bock et al, 1995; Van Grieken et al, 1998). Damage occurs when soiled objects are subjected to aggressive and frequent cleaning. Dust is abrasive and can carry harmful substances to the surfaces of artwork (Katsanos et al, 1999; Nazaroff and Cass, 1991; Yoon and Brimblecombe, 2001). Investigations on calcareous stone weathering show that physical stress from soluble salt crystallization in pores caused stone breakage (Cardell et al, 2003).
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