Abstract
Shear bond strength (SBS) testing is a commonly used method for evaluating different dental adhesive systems. Failure mode analysis provides valuable information for better interpretation of bond strength results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of specimen dimension and loading technique on shear bond strength and failure mode results. Eighty macro and micro flowable composite cylindrical specimens of 1.8 and 0.8 mm diameter, respectively, and 1.5 mm length were bonded to dentinal substrate. Four study groups were created (n = 20): Macroshear wireloop, Gp1; Microshear wireloop, Gp2; Macroshear chisel, Gp3; and Microshear chisel, Gp4. They were tested for SBS using chisel and wireloop loading devices followed by failure mode analysis using digital microscopy and SEM. Two- and one-way ANOVA were used to compare stress at failure values of different groups while the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare between failure modes of the tested groups. Gp4 recorded the highest mean stress at failure 54.1 ± 14.1 MPa, and the highest percentage of adhesive failure in relation to the other groups. Specimen dimension and loading technique are important parameters influencing the results of shear bond strength. Micro-sized specimens and chisel loading are recommended for shear testing.
Highlights
Over the years, different direct restorative materials have been used in dentistry
Esthetics is a crucial property for dental materials, specific concern should be given to the mechanical properties and bonding longevity of different restorations along with testing techniques and methodologies that determine the efficacy of bonded interfaces [1–4]
Specimen dimension showed a significant effect on bond strength results using the chisel loading technique (p value < 0.001), while upon using the wireloop, no significant effect was noticed (p = 0.711)
Summary
There is an increasing demand for esthetic restorations, and composite has gained a specific attention in restorative dentistry. Esthetics is a crucial property for dental materials, specific concern should be given to the mechanical properties and bonding longevity of different restorations along with testing techniques and methodologies that determine the efficacy of bonded interfaces [1–4]. The functionality of dental materials should be assessed by different testing techniques. One of these methods is to evaluate the ability of a material to bond to a substrate through different bond strength tests [5]. Despite the noticeable advances achieved in adhesive dentistry in the past 5 decades, the bonded interface is still considered as the weakest point of an adhesive restoration [6,7]
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