Abstract
Scanning micro-Raman spectroscopy has been utilized to image and investigate strain in He+-implanted congruent LiNbO3 samples. By using abruptly patterned implanted samples, we show that the spatial two-dimensional mapping of the Raman spectral peaks can be used to image the strain distribution and determine its absolute magnitude. We demonstrate that both short- and long-range length-scale in-plane and out-of-plane strain and stress states can be determined using the secular equations of phonon-deformation-potential theory. We also show that two-dimensional Raman imaging can be used to visualize the relaxation of strain in the crystal during low-temperature annealing.
Highlights
Complex oxides, those having perovskite and perovskite-like structure with chemical formula ABO3 (‘A’ and ‘B’ are two different metal cations) exhibit important material functionality such as ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and electro-optic and high dielectric response [1]
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is one of the most widely used materials among this group, with many applications in photonic-related microdevices such as electrooptically tunable micro-ring resonators [2] and photonic crystals [3]. These applications have involved the use of ion implantation for materials processing, including refractive-index tuning for waveguiding [4] and crystal ion slicing for fabrication of ultrathin films of these materials [5]
We demonstrate that probing of abrupt implantation boundaries of interfaces can provide a model structure to investigate strain fields
Summary
Those having perovskite and perovskite-like structure with chemical formula ABO3 (‘A’ and ‘B’ are two different metal cations) exhibit important material functionality such as ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and electro-optic and high dielectric response [1]. Micro-Raman imaging is a powerful nondestructive approach to examine lattice modification and local micro-structural change Pioneering work in this area includes the observation of local lattice dilatation following ultrafast high-repetition-laser writing in LiNbO3 crystals [10], the visualization of micro- and nanoscale domain structures from highelectric-field and pulse-laser-irradiation poling of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 [11,12,13,14], and the observation of buried amorphous layers or lattice rearrangements in doped or undoped LiNbO3 and other crystalline oxides such as KTiOPO4 (KTP) formed via ion irradiation or ion in-diffusion [15,16,17,18]. This micro-Raman approach allows strain and stress fields near or at mask-patterned interfaces following high-energy implantation to be visualized with high-resolution
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