Abstract
Continuously changing electricity demand and intermittent renewable energy sources pose challenges to the operation of power systems. An alternative to reinforcing the grid infrastructure is to deploy and manage distributed energy storage systems. In this work, a micro-energy market is proposed for smart domestic energy trading in the low-voltage distribution systems in the context of high penetration of photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems. In addition, a micro-balancing market is proposed to address the congestions due to unforeseen energy imbalance. Centralised and decentralised management strategies are simulated in real time, based on generation and demand forecasts. In addition, electric vehicles are also simulated as potential storage solutions to improve grid operation. A techno-economic evaluation informs key stakeholders, in particular grid operators on strategies for a sustainable implementation of the proposed strategies. The results show that the micro-energy market reduces the energy cost for all grid users by 4.1–20.2%, depending on their configuration. In addition, voltage deviation, peak electricity demand and reverse power flow have been reduced by 12.8%, 7.7% and 85.6% respectively, with the proposed management strategies. The micro-balancing market has been demonstrated to keep the voltage profile and thermal characteristic within the set limit in case of contingency.
Highlights
HIGHLIGHTS - Micro energy market reduced user’s electricity cost - Micro balancing market solved the network contingency - Micro markets reduced voltage deviation, peak demand and reverse power flow - The system operator benefitted from the decentralised management of batteries - Decentralised management provided optimal grid operation and benefit of users
There will be potential danger of overloading of the lines, 16 curtailments of supply or demand, voltage fluctuations and potentially higher losses on the entire grid. To address these potential issues, Distribution System Operator (DSO) have two main approaches in their investment plans: the first is based on the business as usual (BAU) “Fit and Forget” policy; the alternative consists of promoting distributed control of energy storage. Based on the latter and increasing economic attractiveness of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and electric vehicles (EVs), in this paper we evaluate their impact on distribution networks
4 Results and discussion As the aim of this work is to conduct a techno-economic analysis for the evaluation of different BEMS from the viewpoint of involved stakeholders, the considered scenarios are compared using the following criteria: Technical assessment:
Summary
HIGHLIGHTS - Micro energy market reduced user’s electricity cost - Micro balancing market solved the network contingency - Micro markets reduced voltage deviation, peak demand and reverse power flow - The system operator benefitted from the decentralised management of batteries - Decentralised management provided optimal grid operation and benefit of users. Optimisation window length Time-step resolution Charge/discharge efficiency of bi Maximum charge/discharge power of bi Minimum/maximum storage energy of bi Degradation cost for charge/discharge of bi Constant arbitrary value for MILP implementation. Levelised Cost of Energy of solar PV plant installed in bus i Price payed by DSO/received by the prosumers for the energy traded Profit of DSO every kWh sold to customers ( Esell(t) ) at time t. Stationary BESS installed in bus i, total number of BESS in the system Time slot t in the optimisation window T Net power exchange at PCC at time step t Charge/discharge power of bi at time step t
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