Abstract
The wingbeat frequency of insect migrant is regarded potentially valuable for species identification and has long drawn widespread attention in radar entomology. Principally, the radar echo signal can be used to extract wingbeat information, because both the signal amplitude and phase could be modulated by wing-beating. With respect to existing entomological radars, signal amplitude modulation has been used for wingbeat frequency measurement of large insects for many years, but the wingbeat frequency measurement of small insects remains a challenge. In our research, W-band and S-band coherent radars are used to measure the insect wingbeat frequency. The results show that the wingbeat-induced amplitude modulation of W-band radar is more intense than that of the S-band radar and the W-band radar could measure the wingbeat frequency of smaller insects. In addition, it is validated for the first time that the signal phase could also be used to measure the insect wingbeat frequency based on micro-Doppler effect. However, whether the wingbeat frequency measurement is based on the amplitude or phase modulation, it is found that the W-band coherent radar has better performance on both the measurement precision and the measurable minimum size of the insect.
Highlights
The wingbeat frequency of insect migrant is regarded potentially valuable for species identification and has long drawn widespread attention in radar entomology
Experimental results show that the polystyrene foam and PE thread only contributed a small portion of the radar echo, which has no effect on wingbeat frequency measurement
The echo signal of the insects is first analyzed to assess the sensitivity of the amplitude modulation to wing-beating for both the W-band and S-band radars
Summary
The wingbeat frequency of insect migrant is regarded potentially valuable for species identification and has long drawn widespread attention in radar entomology. The results show that the wingbeat-induced amplitude modulation of W-band radar is more intense than that of the S-band radar and the W-band radar could measure the wingbeat frequency of smaller insects. Wingbeat frequency has been regarded as potentially valuable for target identification[4,8,9,10], and in some situations, radar measurements of the wingbeat frequency provide a very effective means of identifying airborne insects. The success rate of the wingbeat frequency retrieval for large targets is approximately 46%10, but for small insects, the wingbeat frequency measurement is difficult This is probably because the amplitude modulation of the echo signal from the wing-beating is too weak to be detected for smaller insects
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