Abstract
Ferns and lycophytes are a group of vascular plants of interest to understand the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions; their preservation is of relevance for their multiple ecological relations. The record of different taxonomic groups of fungi associated with ferns and lycophytes is fragmentary, and the criteria for it identification is inconsistent, which hinders the understanding and determination of mycorrhizal status. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the species of ferns and lycophytes with distribution in Mexico, and with information of fungal interactions. A checklist of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Mucoromycotina and dark septate fungi (DSF) associated with ferns and lycophytes was integrated through an exhaustive global literature search. In this study, mycorrhizal species was considered by the presence of arbuscules to differentiate with hyphal, vesicular and coils colonization. The study gathered a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrences of 27 families, 61 genus and 137 species of ferns and lycophytes, which covers 13.4 % of the species, 91 % of the genus and 77 % of the families distributed in Mexico. The 78.1 % of the species showed colonization, 56.2 % by AMF, 29.9 % by DSF and 0.72 % by Mucoromycotina fungi. From the total of the species, the higher presences of colonization were in terrestrial, epiphytic, saxicolous, and aquatic plants with 76.6 %, 33.3 %, 20 %, and 6.3 %, respectively. The families of ferns and lycophytes with the higher number of species colonized were Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The present study showed the widespread associations of AMF and DSF in ferns and lycophytes of Mexico. It is urgently needed to include ferns and lycophytes in studies focused on endomycorhizal interactions, since only 28 species (28 %) were studied in Mexican ecosystems. The majority of studies were focused on sporophytic face (80 %). Nonetheless, to understand the role that plays the mycorrhiza in the establishment of ferns and lycophytes, it is necessary to include the gametophytic face in ecological, molecular and physiological experimental studies. This information is important to implement conservation strategies, because a considerable number of ferns and lycophytes species, depend on these mycorrhizal associations for their growth and survival.
Highlights
Los helechos y licófitas son dos linajes de plantas vasculares evolutivamente divergentes que comparten características en su ciclo de vida con dos fases, y que tienen la capacidad de propagarse por esporas (Raghavan, 1992; Smith et al, 2006)
Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son un grupo monofilético del phylum de los Glomeromycota con cerca de 270 taxa capaces de formar simbiosis mutualista con 72 % de las plantas del mundo (Brundrett, 2009; Schüßler & Walker, 2010)
Estrategia de la búsqueda de literatura: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura mundial para compilar el estado del conocimiento de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, hongos septados oscuros y Mucoromycotina en helechos y licopodios distribuidos en México, de acuerdo con Mickel y Smith (2004)
Summary
Estrategia de la búsqueda de literatura: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura mundial para compilar el estado del conocimiento de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, hongos septados oscuros y Mucoromycotina en helechos y licopodios distribuidos en México, de acuerdo con Mickel y Smith (2004). Sobre la interacción de hongos micorrízicos con helechos y licófitas, el 20 % (28 especies) proviene de estudios realizados en México y el resto de diferentes países con los que se comparten las especies de ambos grupos. Del total de las CUADRO 1 Listado de la presencia de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, Mucoromycotina y hongos septados oscuros en helechos y licófitas con distribución en México. Asplenium fragrans Sw. Asplenium harpeodes Kunze Asplenium laetum Sw. Asplenium miradorense Liebm.
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