Metribuzin-induced non-adverse liver changes result in rodent-specific non-adverse thyroid effects via uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT, UGT) modulation

Abstract

Metribuzin is a herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis and has been used for over 40 years. Its main target organ is the liver and to some extent the kidney in rats, dogs, and rabbits.Metribuzin shows a specific thyroxine (T4) profile in rat studies with T4 increases at low doses and T4 decreases at higher doses. Only the T4 decreases occur together with histopathological changes in the thyroid and weight changes of liver and thyroid.A set of experiments was conducted to investigate metribuzin's endocrine disruptor potential according to European guidance and regulations.The results indicate that a liver enzyme modulation, i.e. of the uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT, UGT), is most likely responsible for both increased and decreased plasma thyroxine level and for thyroid histopathological observations. Animals with high T4 levels show low UGT activity, while animals with low T4 levels show high UGT activity. A causal relationship was inferred, since other potentially human-relevant mode of action (MOA) pathways were excluded in dedicated studies, i.e. inhibition of deiodinases (DIO), inhibition of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) or of the sodium importer system (NIS). This liver metabolism-associated MOA is considered not relevant for human hazard assessment, due to species differences in thyroid homeostasis between humans and rats and, more importantly, based on experimental data showing that metribuzin affects UGT activity in rat but not in human hepatocytes. Further, we discuss whether or not increased T4 levels in the rat, in the absence of histopathological changes, should be considered as adverse and therefore used as an appropriate hazard model for humans.Based on a weight of evidence approach, metribuzin should not be classified as an endocrine disruptor with regard to the thyroid modality.