Metode Ketenangan Jiwa: Suatu Perbandingan antara al-Ghazâlî dan Sigmund Freud

Abstract

<p>Al-Ghazâlî <em>and Freud are both concerned with the idea soul –and within itthe</em></p><p><em>notion of spiritual tranquility. They both argue that soul has qualities such as health,</em></p><p><em>sickness, tranquility, worriness, and so on, which need to be managed and organized.</em></p><p><em>However, the paradigm within which they speak of this notion is sharply different. For </em>al-Ghazâlî<em>, the nature of soul is purity. Hence it tends to resort to virtue and avoid vice. </em>Al-Ghazâlî <em>reckons that they are degrees of soul. But that which is tranquil is the highest</em></p><p><em>degree of soul. This soul is what he –borrowing the Qur’an- calls al-Nafs al-Mutma’innah</em></p><p><em>(the tranquil soul). For Freud on the other hand, soul is an abstraction of man’s</em></p><p><em>psychological and physical system. It is impulsive, and tends to seek material and physical</em></p><p><em>satisfaction through sexual pleasure among others. Man in his view is a sexual being. He</em></p><p><em>speaks of the structure of soul as having three categories, namely Id, Ego and Super-ego.</em></p><p><em>It is Id -meaning lust- that dominates one’s soul. Man will acquire tranquility once he –by</em></p><p><em>means of his Ego and Super-ego- satisfied his Id. Conversely, a failure to satisfy Id will</em></p><p><em>result in a psychological disorder. Hence the sharp contrast between </em>al-Ghazâlî <em>and</em></p><em>Freud. And it is about this contrast that this paper is concerned.</em>