Abstract
Overt aggression, increased anxiety, and dysfunctional fear processing are often observed in individuals with conduct disorder (CD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant increasing dopamine and noradrenaline tone, is effective in reducing aggression in both CD and ADHD individuals. However, it is unclear to which extent these effects of MPH are dose dependent. Here, the effects of acute intraperitoneal MPH (3 and 10 mg/kg) on aggression, anxiety, social behavior, and fear extinction were investigated in BALB/cJ mice. Previous studies in BALB/cJ mice have revealed high levels of aggression and anxiety that are associated with reduced top-down cortical control. Administration of 3 mg/kg MPH prolonged the attack latency and prevented escalation of aggression over time compared to vehicle-treated mice, while 10 mg/kg MPH increased number of bites and attacks. In addition, 3 mg/kg MPH decreased social interaction slightly. A strong anxiolytic effect was found after administration of both the 3 and 10 mg/kg doses in the elevated plus maze and the open-field test. In addition, while vehicle-treated BALB/cJ animals showed intact freezing, both doses of MPH decreased freezing to the unconditioned stimulus in a fear-conditioning paradigm. A long-lasting effect on fear extinction was visible after treatment with the 10 mg/kg dose. The data support a role for MPH in the regulation of anxiety, fear processing, and aggression in BALB/cJ mice, with the latter effect in a dose-dependent manner. The findings provide a further context for examining the effects of MPH in clinical disorders such as ADHD and CD.
Highlights
Children and adolescents showing aggressive and antisocial behavior are an increasing socioeconomic and societal problem, mainly due to the persistent and repeating nature of offences
The open-field test and the elevated plus maze were performed in order to assess the effect of MPH on anxiety and explorative behavior in BALB/cJ mice
Similar to a previous report, BALB/cJ mice treated with vehicle exhibit a long period of immobility in the starting position, which was the center of the field [30]
Summary
Children and adolescents showing aggressive and antisocial behavior are an increasing socioeconomic and societal problem, mainly due to the persistent and repeating nature of offences. Studies addressing the effect of MPH on anxiety are mixed and may depend on the state anxiety of the individual [16,17,18,19] In both human and animal studies, the dose of MPH appeared to be related to the behavioral outcome. Other studies have shown a positive dose– response pattern on attention and hyperactivity in children with ADHD [22] This was only in a subgroup of ADHD patients, as it is reported that children with ADHD without hyperactivity respond better to a low MPH dose, whereas those without hyperactivity but with higher inattention respond better to a higher dose [22, 23]. Anxiety, and abnormal fear processing may play an important role in the modulation of the behavioral outcome observed in children diagnosed with these disorders
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