Abstract
Activated carbon produced from agricultural products and wastes has been applied widely to remove pollutants in the field of waste water treatment. However, the cost of this adsorbent depends so much on the raw material sources. Therefore, the approach of producing activated carbon from agricultural waste is strongly recommended due to economic advantages and environmental protection. One of the potential feed-stocks for the activated carbon production is cashew nut shell (CNS) waste which could reduce the negative impacts to the environment from the cashew nut processing industry and simultaneously enhance the values of the related products. This study focused on evaluating the influences of variable factors, such as activation temperature and time, on the properties of the activated carbon obtained from CNS. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption was applied to understand the adsorption mechanism of the products. The results show that increasing the activation temperature led to a rise in the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon within the temperature range of 800 to 850 °C. Otherwise, the values were reduced when the temperature was greater than 850 °C and this was related to the thermal decomposition of carbon. The adsorption capacity also increased when the activation time was changed from 30 min to 50 min. However, in the activation time range from 50 to 70 min, there was a reduction of the adsorption capacity of CNS-based activated carbon. The results also show that the MB adsorption of the activated carbon occurred with one-site-occupancy in the first layer and then layer-by-layer adsorption formation.
Highlights
Vietnam is one of the biggest producers of cashew nuts, producing approximately 300 thousand tons of cashew nuts per year, accounting for up to 28% of the total world production
The results showed that an increase of the activation temperature reduced the conversion efficiency of the activated carbon production
The results indicated that the speci c surface area of the cashew nut shell (CNS)-based activated carbon material increased from 518.9 m2 gÀ1 to 678.8 m2 gÀ1 and the pore volume increased from 0.271 cm[3] gÀ1 to 0.342 cm[3] gÀ1 when the activation temperature was changed from 800 C to 850 C
Summary
Vietnam is one of the biggest producers of cashew nuts, producing approximately 300 thousand tons of cashew nuts per year, accounting for up to 28% of the total world production. Vietnam is one of the top ten countries for growing cashew nuts and has promoted signi cantly the capacity of cashew nut production in this country.[1] this releases a huge amount of cashew nut shell (CNS) waste into the environment. The CNS has been considered as a hazardous solid waste that should be managed properly. These solid waste resources are currently causing many issues such as negative impacts on the environment, they are ignited and so can cause res in. The production costs are still higher than that of other adsorbents.[5,6] Previous studies showed that the activated carbon could be produced from the
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