Methyl-β-cyclodextrin directly binds methylene blue and blocks both its cell staining and glucose uptake stimulatory effects

Abstract

GLUT1, the most ubiquitously expressed member of the GLUT family of glucose transporters, can be acutely activated by a variety of cell stresses. Methylene blue activates glucose transport activity of GLUT1 in L929 fibroblast cells presumably by a redox cycling of MB, which generates an oxidative stress. Data shown here reveal that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) blocks both the staining of cells and activation of glucose uptake by directly binding to MB. MCD binding to MB was qualitatively demonstrated by a significantly slower dialysis rate of MB in the presence of MCD. Analysis of the complete spectra of aqueous MB solutions and MB plus MCD solutions by a factor analysis program called SIVVU indicated that these equilibria can be modeled by three species: MB monomer, MB dimer, and MCD–MB inclusion complex. The molar extinction coefficients for each species from 500 to 700 nm were determined. The equilibrium association constant ( K a) for MB dimer formation was measured at 5846 ± 30 M −1 and the K a for formation of the MCD–MB complex was 310 ± 10 M −1. MCD also dramatically enhances the destaining rate of MB-stained cells. The loss of MB from the cell is tightly correlated with the loss of activated glucose uptake. This suggests that the MB activation of glucose uptake is likely not caused by its redox cycling, but more likely the result of a specific interaction between MB and a protein directly involved in the activation of GLUT1.