Abstract
Cardioprotective agents are compounds that provide heart protection and decrease cardiotoxicity incidence. Cardiotoxicity is a serious condition that results in diminishing the heart's ability to pump blood throughout the body and can be developed into heart failure. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic event in cardiotoxicity where the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause myocardial cellular destruction. Moreover, apoptosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory cascades play major roles in cardiotoxicity pathogenesis. Recently, much attention has been paid to the cardioprotective effects of natural products. Methyl palmitate (MP) is a naturally occurring methyl ester that can be also synthesized. This review article aimed to elucidate the potential cardioprotective effects of MP as well as the underlying possible mechanisms. Indeed, MP showed effective cytoprotective roles in various experimental models. In this regard, MP showed potent antioxidant activity which was proven by the decreased production of oxidative stress markers and the increased activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. It also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity which was evidenced by the reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the elevated expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, MP showed anti-apoptotic activity evidenced by the elevated anti-apoptotic protein expression and the mitigated pro-apoptotic protein expression. Besides, further studies proved the anti-fibrotic and vasodilatation activities of MP. Thus, MP could provide major cardioprotective activities through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and vasodilatation properties.
Highlights
INTRODUCTIONCardioprotective agents are compounds that protect cardiac muscle by reducing or even preventing cardiotoxicity occurrence [1]
Cardioprotective agents are compounds that protect cardiac muscle by reducing or even preventing cardiotoxicity occurrence [1].Cardiotoxicity is a critical condition that is characterized by cardiac electrophysiological dysfunction or cardiac muscle damage
Methyl palmitate (MP) has been recently reported to have cytoprotective roles in various experimental models [12, 13]. These cytoprotective effects mainly attributed to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and vasodilatation activities [14, 15]
Summary
Cardioprotective agents are compounds that protect cardiac muscle by reducing or even preventing cardiotoxicity occurrence [1]. Cardiotoxicity is a critical condition that is characterized by cardiac electrophysiological dysfunction or cardiac muscle damage. Methyl palmitate (MP; Hexadecanoate methyl ester; Methyl ester of palmitic acid) is a naturally occurring fatty acid ester [5]. It has a polar carboxylate group and nonpolar aliphatic radical with the empirical formula C17H34O2 and a molecular weight of 270.45. MP has been recently reported to have cytoprotective roles in various experimental models [12, 13] These cytoprotective effects mainly attributed to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and vasodilatation activities [14, 15]. The present article aims to elucidate the possible cardioprotective activities of MP as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms
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