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Abstract
The principal intent of the investigation was to examine the influence of joint application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 μM) and a nitric oxide–donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 μM) to wheat plants grown under cadmium (Cd as CdCl2, 100 μM) stress. Cd stress suppressed plant growth, chlorophylls (Chl), and PSII maximum efficiency (Fv/Fm), but it elevated leaf and root Cd, and contents of leaf proline, phytochelatins, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, as well as the activity of lipoxygenase. MeJA and SNP applied jointly or singly improved the concentrations of key antioxidant biomolecules, e.g., reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid and the activities of the key oxidative defense system enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase. Exogenously applied MeJA and SNP jointly or singly also improved nitrogen metabolism by activating the activities of glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and nitrate and nitrite reductases. Compared with individual application of MeJA or SNP, the combined application of both showed better effect in terms of improving plant growth and key metabolic processes and reducing tissue Cd content, suggesting a putative interactive role of both compounds in alleviating Cd toxicity in wheat plants.Main findingsThe main findings are that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate and nitric oxide–donor sodium nitroprusside alleviated the cadmium (Cd)–induced adverse effects on growth of wheat plants grown under Cd by modulating key physiological processes and up-regulating enzymatic antioxidants and the ascorbic acid–glutathione cycle–related enzymes.
Highlights
Cadmium (Cd) is not required by plants for their optimum growth, so a slight increase in its levels in a growth medium causes considerable damages to several metabolic processes (Shanmugaraj et al, 2019), such as limitation of assimilation rate (Anwar et al, 2019; Zhou et al, 2020) and disturbance in plant water balance (Naeem et al, 2019)
The leaves of the plants supplemented with MeJa and MeJa + sodium nitroprusside (SNP) did not show any symptoms of chlorosis and disorders mentioned earlier
With respect to the controls, the aforementioned traits were found to be declined 29 and 41%, respectively, due to Cd, but a significant enhancement of 42 and 75% was recorded in these attributes, respectively, in the wheat plants treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) + SNP compared with those exposed to Cd toxicity only
Summary
Cadmium (Cd) is not required by plants for their optimum growth, so a slight increase in its levels in a growth medium causes considerable damages to several metabolic processes (Shanmugaraj et al, 2019), such as limitation of assimilation rate (Anwar et al, 2019; Zhou et al, 2020) and disturbance in plant water balance (Naeem et al, 2019). Plants possess a well-developed antioxidant defense system to counteract multiple stresses including Cd stress (Zaid et al, 2019). One such promising mechanism is the modulation of the ascorbic acid (AsA)–glutathione (GSH) cycle enzymes (Khan et al, 2019). Such a protective strategy does not constantly work in most plant species including wheat under Cd stress, because of being the crop highly sensitive to this metal stress (Rizwan et al, 2016)
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