Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens like Salmonella enterica use secretion systems, such as the Type III Secretion System, to deliver virulence factors into host cells in order to invade and colonize these cells. Salmonella virulence factors include a suite of effector proteins that remodel the host cell to facilitate bacterial internalization, replication, and evasion of host immune surveillance. A number of diverse and innovative approaches have been used to identify and characterize the role of effector proteins during infection. Recent techniques for studying infection using single cell and animal models have illuminated the contribution of individual effector proteins in infection. This review will highlight the techniques applied to study Salmonella effector proteins during infection. It will describe how different approaches have revealed mechanistic details for effectors in manipulating host cellular processes including: the dynamics of effector translocation into host cells, cytoskeleton reorganization, membrane trafficking, gene regulation, and autophagy.
Highlights
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved to survive and proliferate inside of host cells despite an adverse environment driven by host defense mechanisms
Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family of pathogenic bacteria, which includes Salmonella, as well as Escherichia, Yersinia, Shigella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter express specialized virulence proteins known as effectors, which are secreted into the host during the infection process
This study suggests that different types of host cells provide unique environments for Salmonella, which potentially corresponds to different roles for effector proteins and underscores the importance of studying multiple infection models
Summary
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved to survive and proliferate inside of host cells despite an adverse environment driven by host defense mechanisms. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family of pathogenic bacteria, which includes Salmonella, as well as Escherichia, Yersinia, Shigella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter express specialized virulence proteins known as effectors, which are secreted into the host during the infection process. These effector proteins function to modulate the host cell by commandeering signaling pathways to enable the pathogen to invade the host, evade immune responses and establish a replication-permissive environment. With a focus on Salmonella-based studies, this review will emphasize the methods developed to detect and track effector protein translocation, verify a role in virulence, and visualize localization within the host cell (Table 1). This is because a subset of effector proteins is translocated immediately upon contact with host cells, where others are translocated hours
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