METHODS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT DESIGN BY ART AND GRAPHIC MEANS

Abstract

The article is devoted to the methods of urban environment design of the XXI centuries by artistic and graphic means. The process of their inclusion in the urban environment was gradual. It began with painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts and monumental arts. A new wave of artistic and graphic means in the urban environment began to develop intensively in the late nineteenth - early twentieth century. It was due to social and cultural processes in specific cities and countries. The use of various techniques in design began to be introduced from this period. In particular, such as: ready-made, found objects, assemblage, carving, lettering, perforation and others. Currently, there is a problem of perfection of such decisions with the intensification of the processes of participation in them not only professionals but also ordinary citizens.
 Artistic and graphic elements adjust the urban space to a certain thematic (content) atmosphere. They become a reflection of certain trends in art, but already in the urban space, like works of fine art in the interior. The most common among them are the following: surrealism; conceptuality; contextual game; visual illusion (optical illusion), irony, self-irony, wit, humor; metaphor (metaphorical poetics).
 Works of art give a wide range of possibilities for their application in architectural and urban planning. In practice, new artistic methods were developed along with the already known ways of designing the visual image of the elements. As a result of the analysis of a number of domestic and foreign cities the methods of design of the architectural environment based on active use of the invented art and graphic means are revealed. Among them are deliberate exaggeration of the image (scale, hyperbolization) and change the traditional shape and size of artistic elements, increase contrast, copying and repetition of the real landscapes, imitation of perspective images, and enrichment of the urban space with architectural details, creation of the provocation.
 The variety of artistic methods requires their correct application in the urban environment. It is necessary in order for them to perform their assigned role properly. The realization of creative artistic ideas in the urban spaces of the XXI century is due to the introduction of new engineering and creative forms, innovative technologies; introduction of significant supergraphic and font compositions, new techniques of evening lighting and color; tolerance in the use of graphic arts in historical spaces.