Abstract
Throughout the world, and especially in the European Union, numerous technologies for the thermal treatment of radioactive waste are available or being developed. These technologies can be applied to a large range of different radioactive waste streams, including non-standard types of waste that present specific waste management challenges. Thermal treatment can result in a significant reduction in volume and hazard, which are beneficial for safe storage and disposal. Thermal treatment also removes organic material that can form complexing agents and increase the mobility of radionuclides in the landfill. In the paper, basic thermal techniques are presented, and some examples of the installations are shown. Common knowledge of these methods may result in an increased public acceptance of nuclear energy in a country just introducing it, as Poland is.
Highlights
Nuclear power is generated by a small amount of fuel, as related to other nonrenewable energy sources
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Low and intermediate radioactive waste received by the Radioactive Waste Management Plant in Poland (ZUOP) results from the use of radioactive isotopes in nuclear medicine, industry, and scientific research, during the production of open and sealed radioactive sources at the National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) and during the operation of the MARIA research reactor, which is used, inter alia, to produce radioisotopes
Summary
Nuclear power is generated by a small amount of fuel, as related to other nonrenewable energy sources. In addition to nuclear energy, radioactive waste is generated from the radioactive materials used in nuclear medicine, agriculture, research, manufacturing, non-destructive testing, and mineral exploration (even by the coal mines) The latter, are mostly intermediate- or low-level waste. Such processing is conducted only in two plants in Europe (not counting Russia), and the resulting high-level waste is returned to the country that provided the fuel for processing This type of HLW, after protection against leaching the radioactive matter, in the vitrified form may be sent for the definite storage. Most of these processes generate medium- and low-active secondary waste, mainly solid residues of waste gas treatment, distillation condensates, and decontamination solutions This secondary waste may be either recycled in the consecutive treatment processes (with possible wastewater release), or added to the nonnuclear radioactive waste and prepared for storage or disposal. All these thermal processes will be presented in the following text
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