Methods of Negative Ion Production

Abstract

Formation and destruction of negative ions; charge-exchange methods for negative ion production; charge-exchange negative ion sources; charge-exchange polarized negative ion sources; cold muonium negative ion production; negative ion beam formation from gaseous plasmas; formation and destruction of negative ions in a gaseous plasma; beam formation from negative ions generated in the plasma volume; plasma volume sources of negative ions; thermionic production of negative ion beams; secondary emission (sputtering) production of negative ion beams.