Abstract
Measurements of cosmic ray particles at energies above E≳5×1014 eV are performed by large-area ground-based air showerexperiments. Only they provide the collection power required to obtainsufficient statistics at the low flux levels involved. In this review webriefly outline the physics and astrophysics interest of suchmeasurements and discuss in more detail various experimental techniquesapplied for reconstructing the energy and mass of the primary particles.These include surface arrays of particle detectors as well as observationsof Cherenkovand of fluorescence light. A large variety of air shower observables isthen reconstructed from such data and used to infer the properties of theprimary particles via comparisons to air shower simulations. Advantages,limitations and systematic uncertainties of different approaches will becritically discussed.
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