Abstract
Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated faecal sludge, and correlations to source populations. Since standard methods for sampling and analysing faecal sludge do not currently exist, results are not comparable, the actual variability is not yet fully understood, and the transfer of knowledge and data between different regions and institutions can be challenging and often arbitrary. Due to this lack of standard analytical methods for faecal sludge, methods from other fields, such as wastewater management, and soil and food science are frequently applied. However, these methods are not necessarily the most suitable for faecal sludge analysis, and have not been specifically adapted for this purpose. Characteristics of faecal sludge can be different than these other matrices by orders of magnitude. There is also a lack of standard methods for sampling, which is complicated by the difficult nature of in situ sampling, the wide range of onsite sanitation technologies and potential sampling locations, and the diverse heterogeneity of faecal sludge within onsite containments and within cities. This illustrates the urgent need to establish common methods and procedures for faecal sludge characterisation, quantification, sampling, and modelling. The aim of this book is to provide a basis for standardised methods for the analysis of faecal sludge from onsite sanitation technologies, for improved communication between sanitation practitioners, and for greater confidence in the generated data. The book presents background information on types of faecal sludge, methods for sample collection, health and safety procedures for handling, case studies of experimental design, an approach for estimating faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales, modelling containment and treatment processes, recipes for simulants, and laboratory methods for faecal sludge analysis currently in use by faecal sludge laboratories. This book will be beneficial for researchers, laboratory technicians, academics, students and sanitation practitioners. ISBN13: 9781780409115 eISBN: 9781780409122
Highlights
3.2 Sampling objective3.2.2 Collection and transport 3.2.4 End use3.4 Sampling techniques3.4.1 Grab sampling3.4.2 Composite sampling3.5 Sampling and measuring devices3.5.10 mm cuvettes Volumetric flask (1 L)-stick sludge and scum measuring device3.5.2 Core sampling device3.5.3 Vacuum sludge sampling device3.5.4 Cone-shaped sampling device
It defines types of faecal sludge based on total solids (TS) concentration, which is necessary for implementing the correct steps in the methods
The concentrations of organic matter, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds in the influent will vary during the day, the concentration of ammonia in the effluent will vary over time, concentration of nitrate will vary in the activated sludge recators etc
Summary
3.2 Sampling objective3.2.2 Collection and transport 3.2.4 End use3.4 Sampling techniques3.4.1 Grab sampling3.4.2 Composite sampling3.5 Sampling and measuring devices3.5.1 L-stick sludge and scum measuring device3.5.2 Core sampling device3.5.3 Vacuum sludge sampling device3.5.4 Cone-shaped sampling device. Compression tests, the focus of this method, are used to measure compressibility, compactibility, springiness, stress relaxation, crust strength, firmness, and elastic recovery Characterisation of these properties of solid and semisolid faecal sludge and end products is informative for the design of new treatment and resource recovery technologies. 67 This method is designed for water analysis and has been adapted by UKZN PRG in Durban for analysis of total coliform and E. coli in faecal sludge This method should be cited as the specific method that is carried out in each laboratory, including the manufacturer’s version and model for the total coliform and E. coli test, and the exact method of sample preparation. Modelling of other CWIS components beyond these selected FSM containment/treatment technologies falls outside the scope of this chapter, as described in its concluding section
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