Abstract
Viruses present in water might be harmful for human health and life. Nowadays over 100 pathogenic human virus species occur in water polluted with sewage. Chlorination, which is the most popular disinfection method is not able to remove easily viruses from treated water. Due to this, it’s necessary to detect viruses in water before treatment in order to determine disinfectant dose and to ensure the sanitary safety level of treated water. The aim of this article is to review viruses detection methods as well as the problems related to implementation of those methods in analysis of water and wastewater samples.
Highlights
Nowadays water is used for consuming, irrigation or recreation
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines involving quality of drinking water emphasizes the need of clean, void of viruses and parasites water, which is supplied to consumers
Techniques based on direct observation of viruses did not enable detection of viruses, which are present in environment in concentrations above 106/ml
Summary
Nowadays water is used for consuming, irrigation or recreation. Water quality, independently of its use is very important for human health both in developed countries and developing countries. Polish legislation does not take into consideration detection of viruses in drinking water and sewage which are used in irrigation, and recreation reservoirs. Enteroviruses get to human organism as a result of infected crustaceans consumption, infected crop and contaminated drinking water consumption, polluted air inhalation (aerosoles) or bathing in contaminated water reservoirs. The fact that water or sewage chlorination enables bacteria removal is not equivalent with the fact that it can eliminate viruses. In order to poliovirus total inactivation in municipal wastewater, the concentration of residual chlorine should be 9.0 mg/l (contact time should be 30 minutes) but for proper sewage disinfection in case of bacteria Salmonella lower concentration of residual chlorine is required (from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l) [6]
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