Method optimisation for the simultaneous determination of legacy and emerging halogenated flame retardants in particulate matter collected in an electronic waste recycling facility

Abstract

ABSTRACT The diffusion and the recycling of electric and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) are an important issue for industrialised countries. During treatment operations of this equipment, legacy and emerging halogenated flame retardant can be released in the environment, causing great concern for their toxicity. For this purpose, a method to simultaneously determine polybrominated biphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane, 10 emerging brominated flame retardants and in parallel-polychlorinated biphenyls was optimised and applied to particulate matter samples collected within a WEEE facility. In this paper, starting from a previously published method, we drastically simplified the sample preparation, reducing the overall completion time, solvent consumption, costs and achieving adequate selectivity and sensitivity for all the target compounds. The multi–analyte method was evaluated in terms of reproducibility, linearity, recovery, limits of detection, limit of quantification, and matrix effect and compared to the previous method. Quantitative analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionisation, using matrix-matched calibration curves. The reliability and robustness of the method were demonstrated through the analysis of certified and reference compounds in Standard Reference Material 2585. The most abundant compounds in particulate matter samples, collected in an electric and electronic equipment waste treatment plant, were BDE 47 (3.9 ng m−3), CB 138 (2.7 ng m−3), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (4.2 ng m−3).