Method optimisation and application based on solid phase extraction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiretroviral drugs, and a lipid regulator from coastal areas of Durban, South Africa

Abstract

This study presents an optimized method that is applicable in monitoring the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a wide range of aquatic environments. The optimised Solid Phase Extraction method is based on Bond Elut Plexa cartridges for the identification and quantification of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, three antiretroviral drugs and a lipid regulator in the coastal area of Durban city, South Africa covering four seasons. The extracted compounds are qualitatively and quantitatively detected by a high-performance liquid phase chromatographic instrument coupled to a photodiode array detector. The recoveries range from 62 to 110% with a Relative Standard Deviation of 0.56−4.68%, respectively, for the determination of emtricitabine, tenofovir, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, efavirenz, and gemfibrozil. The analytical method is validated by spiking estuarine water samples with 5 µg L− 1 of a mixture containing the target pharmaceuticals and the matrix detection limit is established to be 0.62–1.78 µg L− 1 for the target compounds. The optimized method is applied to seasonal monitoring of pharmaceuticals at chosen study sites from winter and spring of 2019 and summer and autumn of 2020. The results indicate the concentration of the pharmaceuticals studied varies with the type of aquatic environment and season.