Abstract
Objective:Calibrated horizontal measurements (e.g., mm) from endoscopic procedures could be utilized for advancement of evidence-based practice and personalized medicine. However, the size of an object in endoscopic images is not readily calibrated and depends on multiple factors, including the distance between the endoscope and the target surface. Additionally, acquired images may have significant non-linear distortion that would further complicate calibrated measurements. This study used a recently developed in-vivo laser-projection fiberoptic laryngoscope and proposes a method for calibrated spatial measurements.Method:A set of circular grids were recorded at multiple working distances. A statistical model was trained that would map from pixel length of the object, the working distance, and the spatial location of the target object into its mm length.Result:A detailed analysis of the performance of the proposed method is presented. The analyses have shown that the accuracy of the proposed method does not depend on the working distance and length of the target object. The estimated average magnitude of error was 0.27 mm, which is three times lower than the existing alternative.Conclusion:The presented method can achieve sub-millimeter accuracy in horizontal measurement.Significance:Evidence-based practice and personalized medicine could significantly benefit from the proposed method. Implications of the findings for other endoscopic procedures are also discussed.
Highlights
The ability to perform measurements is an important cornerstone and prerequisite of any quantitative research
Accurate mapping of laryngeal diseases [8], studying the developmental aspects of vocal folds [9], the sex differences in the vocal fold morphology [10,11], and the effects of singing on the morphology of the vocal folds [12,13], are just few other examples among many possible applications that would significantly benefit from calibrated spatial measurements
This work was motivated by the importance of performing calibrated spatial measurements of the vocal folds and the surrounding laryngeal structures during phonation
Summary
The ability to perform measurements is an important cornerstone and prerequisite of any quantitative research. Measurements allow us to quantify inputs and outputs of a system, and to express their relationships using concise mathematical expressions and models Those models would enable us to understand how a target system works, and to predict its output for changes in the system parameters. Models could be utilized to determine the proper parameters of a system for achieving a certain output Putting these in the context of voice science research, variations in the parameters of the phonatory system could be attributed to individual differences. Reduction in post-treatment lesion size could be another objective measure for direct evaluation of a treatment outcome Realization of such direct evaluation criteria could provide the required scientific evidence behind the efficacy of different interventions, and answer a recent call for evidence-based practice in the clinical assessment of voice [6,7]. Accurate mapping of laryngeal diseases [8], studying the developmental aspects of vocal folds [9], the sex differences in the vocal fold morphology [10,11], and the effects of singing on the morphology of the vocal folds [12,13], are just few other examples among many possible applications that would significantly benefit from calibrated spatial measurements
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