Abstract
Enteric viruses, such as poliovirus, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis, which causes 2–3 million deaths annually. Environmental surveillance of wastewater supplements clinical surveillance for monitoring enteric virus circulation. However, while many environmental surveillance methods require liquid samples, some at-risk locations utilize pit latrines with waste characterized by high solids content. This study’s objective was to develop and evaluate enteric virus concentration protocols for high solids content samples. Two existing protocols were modified and tested using poliovirus type 1 (PV1) seeded into primary sludge. Method 1 (M1) utilized acid adsorption, followed by 2 or 3 elutions (glycine/sodium chloride and/or threonine/sodium chloride), and skimmed milk flocculation. Method 2 (M2) began with centrifugation. The liquid fraction was filtered through a ViroCap filter and eluted (beef extract/glycine). The solid fraction was eluted (beef extract/disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid) and concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation. Recovery was enumerated by plaque assay. M1 yielded higher PV1 recovery than M2, though this result was not statistically significant (26.1% and 15.9%, respectively). M1 was further optimized, resulting in significantly greater PV1 recovery when compared to the original protocol (p < 0.05). This method can be used to improve understanding of enteric virus presence in communities without liquid waste streams.
Highlights
Enteric viruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis, which is responsible for 2 to 3 million deaths per year globally [1,2,3,4]
Since enteric viruses are shed in stool, environmental surveillance is conducted by testing sources impacted by human waste, including wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters [10,11]
The poliovirus type 1 (PV1) recoveries obtained with Method 1 (M1) ranged from 13.1 to 46.5% with a median of 22.0% (n = 8), while PV1
Summary
Enteric viruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis, which is responsible for 2 to 3 million deaths per year globally [1,2,3,4]. Environmental surveillance is used globally for enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus, human enterovirus, adenovirus, and poliovirus (PV) [12,13,14,15,16]. The environmental surveillance program for PV has been highly developed and coordinated by the Global Polio Laboratory Network [5,6]. Afghanistan and Pakistan have endemic PV transmission, and other countries are at risk of wild PV importation and vaccine-derived PV [7]. Due to its importance to eradication, environmental surveillance of PV is extensive, with over 2500 samples collected from endemic countries in 2017 [5,6]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
