Methanolic Extract of Artemia salina Eggs and Various Fractions in Different Solvents Contain Potent Compounds That Decrease Cell Viability of Colon and Skin Cancer Cell Lines and Show Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Salman Ul Islam,Young Sup Lee,Muhammad Bilal Ahmed,Adeeb Shehzad

doi:10.1155/2019/9528256

Abstract

Artemia salina, crustaceans of class Branchiopoda and order Anostraca, are living and reproducing only in highly saline natural lakes and in other reservoirs where sea water is evaporated to produce salt. Artemia salina eggs can be purchased from pet stores, where they are sold as tropical fish food and a ready source for hatching shrimp. In the current study, methanolic crude extracts and various fractions of Artemia salina eggs extracted in other solvents were tested for effects on cell viability of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) and melanoma cells (B16F10) using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. A methanolic crude extract of eggs was obtained by cold maceration, followed by fractionation to obtain hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions. The methanolic crude extract decreased cell viability of HCT-116 and B16F10 cell lines at higher concentrations. The other fractions were evaluated using a cell viability assay, and chloroform and hexane showed the highest activity at significantly lower concentrations than did the methanolic fraction. Full scan profiles of the methanolic crude extract and the chloroform and hexane fractions were obtained by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the resultant compounds were identified by comparing their spectral data to those available in spectral matching libraries. ROS generation assay, flow cytometry, and western blot analysis provided supporting evidence that the hexane and chloroform fractions induced cell death in HCT116 and B16-F10 cell lines. All fractions were further tested for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, among which the hexane fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition on LB nutrient agar plates. This study demonstrated promising anticancer and antibacterial effects of Artemia salina egg extracts. Our results suggest that pure bioactive compounds obtained from Artemia salina eggs can provide new insights into the mechanisms of colon and skin cancer, as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition.

Highlights

The popularity of natural products as chemopreventive substances is increasing steadily because of their potential effectiveness and low toxicity [1]
To analyze the effect of Artemia salina egg extracts on the viability of HCT116 and B16-F10 cells, we first treated the cells with methanolic crude extracts
We further incubated the cells for 24 h with partially purified fractions at increasing concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, and 250 μg/ml) and observed that hexane and chloroform fractions remarkably reduced cell viability of both cells lines. 5 fluorouracil (5FU) was used as standard

Summary

Introduction

The popularity of natural products as chemopreventive substances is increasing steadily because of their potential effectiveness and low toxicity [1]. Marine fauna and flora have received significant attention as potent sources of novel chemopreventive agents. High potency antitumor agents have been discovered in marine sources [2]. Strong anticancer activities have been shown in extracts from algae, sponges, and marine cyanobacteria [3,4,5]. Alginic acids, laminarans, and carrageenans are among the marine-based compounds that exert potent anticancer activities. Miscellaneous polysaccharides extracted from marine animals, fungi, and bacteria have been identified as potential anticancer agents, many of which have been evaluated for further drug development [3]. Many other marine derived substances with potential anticancer activity are currently being investigated in preclinical studies [5, 8]

Methods

Results

Conclusion