Methanol synthesis from CO2: A mechanistic overview

Abstract

Currently, energy demand is growing swiftly with global economic growth. The combustion of fossil fuels is one of the major environmental threats due to the release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Reducing greenhouse gases is one of the most critical challenges facing society today. It has been proposed that converting CO2 into fuels and valuable chemicals such as methanol for reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be a favorable solution. This review describes the recent development of methanol synthesis from CO2 from a mechanistic point of view. Several proposed reaction pathways for methanol formation over various catalysts will be emphasized, i.e., Cu-based catalyst, precious metal-based catalyst, and other catalysts, including oxide-, oxygen deficient-, and composite-based catalysts such as metal alloys, and supported metal alloys. Additionally, the intermediate involved, active site, and several aspects affecting the catalytic behavior are also provided. Finally, a remaining challenge and the perspective for compelling the energy future vision is emphasized.