Methanol exposure to car occupants from windshield washing fluid: a pilot study

Abstract

Automobile occupants might be exposed to considerable amounts of methanol from previously unreported source, namely via the inhalation of vapors of winter-grade, methanol-based, windshield washing fluid that drains to the intake air ducts of the car. Air samples were collected in passenger cars during simulated operating conditions and analyzed for methanol via headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electron impact, selected ion monitoring. The method was linear in the 2-2000 ppm range. Concentrations exceeding 1000 ppm were recorded. Using a winter-grade, methanol-based, windshield washing fluid for windshield cleaning in a passenger car can result in a methanol concentration in the air of the passenger cabin in excess of 1000 ppm. In view of the widespread use of this product, more studies are necessary to elucidate, in depth, the concentrations of methanol vapors which could be encountered in various weather and driving conditions as well as the concomitant contributing influences of car design. These studies are necessary to properly assess the hazards associated with use of the fluid and possible mitigation approaches which might include substitution of methanol by less toxic formulations.