Abstract
Seafloor authigenic carbonate crusts are widespread in various oceanic and marine settings, excluding high-latitude basins that are corrosive to carbonate precipitation. Newly formed carbonate formations are relatively rare in modern Arctic marine sediments. Although the first-order principles of seep carbonate formation are currently quite well constrained, little is known regarding the duration or mode of carbonate formation in the Siberian Arctic shelf. Large (massive slabs or blocks) and small crusts that were micrite cemented have been recently discovered on the seafloor of the Siberian Arctic seas within the area of known seep activity in the outer Laptev Sea shelf. Cold methane seeps were detected in the area due to the presence of an acoustic anomaly in the water column (gas flares). Microbial mats, methane gas bubbles, and carbonate crusts were observed using a towed camera platform. Here, we report new geochemical and mineralogical data on authigenic shallow Siberian Arctic cold-seep carbonate crusts to elucidate its genesis. The Laptev Sea carbonate crusts mainly consist of high-Mg calcite (up to 23 mol % MgCO3). The δ13C values in carbonates range significantly (from –40.1 to –25.9‰ VPDB), while the δ18O values vary in a narrow range (+4.4 ± 0.2‰ VPDB). The δ13C values of Corg that was determined from carbonates range from –40.2 to –31.1‰ VPDB. Using the isotope data and taking into account the geological setting, we consider that not only microbial but possibly thermogenic methane participated in the authigenic carbonate precipitation. Carbonate crust formation occurred below the water/sediment interface of the shallow Siberian Arctic shelf as a result of gas hydrate dissociation during Holocene warming events. The studied carbonate crusts were exhumated after precipitation into shallow subsurface shelf sediments.
Highlights
Authigenic carbonate precipitation at cold seeps is a common process (e.g., Schrag et al, 2013; Suess, 2014; Oppo et al, 2020)
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), which favors in authigenic carbonate formation, is a filter that reduces the natural emission of methane acting as a carbon sinks (e.g., Devol and Ahmed, 1981; Boetius et al, 2000; Valentine, 2002; Peckmann and Thiel, 2004; Reeburgh, 2007; Knittel and Boetius, 2009)
It should be noted that integrating the geochemical data of near-surface sediments and geological setting is needed to provide reliable interpretations
Summary
Authigenic carbonate precipitation at cold seeps is a common process (e.g., Schrag et al, 2013; Suess, 2014; Oppo et al, 2020). Studies regarding carbonate formation in Arctic shelf seas are of particular importance. In these seas, carbonates derived from bicarbonate, which are formed during the microbial oxidation of methane of different genesis, are relatively rare (Logvina et al, 2018; Ruban et al, 2020 and references therein). The Arctic is characterized by a significant number of methane sources reviewed in a paper (O’Connor et al, 2010) and discussed in papers (Fisher et al, 2011; Shakhova et al, 2014; James et al, 2016; Skorokhod et al, 2016; Thornton et al, 2016; Mau et al, 2017), and elevated atmosphere background concentration of methane; its mean latitudinal value was approximately 1.85 ppm (Shakhova et al, 2010; Thornton et al, 2016). Footprints of local methane emissions were observed in the atmosphere above the Siberian shelf (Skorokhod et al, 2016; Thornton et al, 2016; Pankratova et al, 2018)
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