Methane and ethane detection from natural gas level down to trace concentrations using a compact mid-IR LITES sensor based on univariate calibration

Abstract

A gas sensor based on light-induced thermo-elastic spectroscopy (LITES) capable to detect methane (C1) and ethane (C2) in a wide concentration range, from percent down to part-per-billion (ppb), is here reported. A novel approach has been implemented, exploiting a compact sensor design that accommodates both a custom 9.8 kHz quartz tuning fork (QTF) used as photodetector and the gas sample in the same housing. The resulting optical pathlength was only 2.5 cm. An interband cascade laser (ICL) with emission wavelength of 3.345 µm was used to target absorption features of C1 and C2. The effects of high concentration analytes on sensor response were firstly investigated. C1 concentration varied from 1% to 10%, while C2 concentration varied from 0.1% to 1%. These ranges were selected to retrace the typical natural gas composition in a 1:10 nitrogen dilution. The LITES sensor was calibrated for both the gas species independently and returned nonlinear but monotonic responses for the two analytes. These univariate calibrations were used to retrieve the composition of C1-C2 binary mixtures with accuracy higher than 98%, without the need for further data analysis. Minimum detection limits of ∼650 ppb and ∼90 ppb were achieved at 10 s of integration time for C1 and C2, respectively, demonstrating the capability of the developed LITES sensor to operate with concentration ranges spanning over 6 orders of magnitude.