Abstract
Abstract Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrangements of antennas that control the propagation of electromagnetic waves with a subwavelength thickness and resolution. Previously, metasurfaces have been mostly used to obtain the function of a single optical element. Here, we demonstrate a plasmonic metasurface that represents the combination of a phase mask generating a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) and a metalens for imaging. DH-PSF has been widely studied in three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution imaging, biomedical imaging, and particle tracking, but the current DH-PSFs are inefficient, bulky, and difficult to integrate. The multielement metasurface, which we label as DH-metalens, enables a DH-PSF with transfer efficiency up to 70.3% and an ultrahigh level of optical system integration, three orders of magnitude smaller than those realized by conventional phase elements. Moreover, the demonstrated DH-metalens can work in broadband visible wavelengths and in multiple incident polarization states. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the DH-metalens in 3D imaging of point sources. These results pave ways for realizing integrated DH-PSFs, which have applications in 3D super-resolution microscopy, single particle tracking/imaging, and machine vision.
Highlights
Metasurfaces consisting of arrays of subwavelength antennas with well-defined shape, dimension, and arrangement have been extensively studied in manipulating the light wavefront at will [1,2,3]
The multielement metasurface, which we label as DH-metalens, enables a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) with transfer efficiency up to 70.3% and an ultrahigh level of optical system integration, three orders of magnitude smaller than those realized by conventional phase elements
We demonstrate an ultracompact DH-PSF realized by a plasmonic geometric metasurface (GM)
Summary
Metasurfaces consisting of arrays of subwavelength antennas with well-defined shape, dimension, and arrangement have been extensively studied in manipulating the light wavefront at will [1,2,3]. We demonstrate, for the first time, a metasurface that represents the combination of a phase mask generating a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) and a metalens for imaging. Jin et al.: Double-helix point spread function and metalens for 3D imaging works, DH-PSFs were realized either by computer generated hologram [20, 22, 30] or spatial light modulator [21, 23,24,25, 27, 29] Both schemes modulate the wavefront via the light path difference accumulated in the beam propagation. The reported that ultracompact DH-metalens will have applications in realizing 3D super-resolution microscopy, biomolecule tracking and manipulation, and laser lithography for fabricating 3D metamaterials, at an integrated nanophotonics platform
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