Metamitron, a Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain Inhibitor, Modulates the Photoprotective Mechanism of Apple Trees.

Yuval Tadmor,Oded Liran,Yehoram Leshem,Eli Shemesh,Martin Goldway,Shira Reikin-Barak,Amir Raz,Dan Tchernov,Omer Crane,Raphael Stern,Vivek Ambastha

doi:10.3390/plants10122803

Abstract

Chemical thinning of apple fruitlets is an important practice as it reduces the natural fruit load and, therefore, increases the size of the final fruit for commercial markets. In apples, one chemical thinner used is Metamitron, which is sold as the commercial product Brevis® (Adama, Ashdod, Israel). This thinner inhibits the electron transfer between Photosystem II and Quinone-b within light reactions of photosynthesis. In this study, we investigated the responses of two apple cultivars—Golden Delicious and Top Red—and photosynthetic light reactions after administration of Brevis®. The analysis revealed that the presence of the inhibitor affects both cultivars’ energetic status. The kinetics of the photoprotective mechanism’s sub-processes are attenuated in both cultivars, but this seems more severe in the Top Red cultivar. State transitions of the antenna and Photosystem II repair cycle are decreased substantially when the Metamitron concentration is above 0.6% in the Top Red cultivar but not in the Golden Delicious cultivar. These attenuations result from a biased absorbed energy distribution between photochemistry and photoprotection pathways in the two cultivars. We suggest that Metamitron inadvertently interacts with photoprotective mechanism-related enzymes in chloroplasts of apple tree leaves. Specifically, we hypothesize that it may interact with the kinases responsible for the induction of state transitions and the Photosystem II repair cycle.

Highlights

Light response curves of PhotoSystem II (PSII) activity were performed with a background of Brevis® in order to characterize the photosynthetic response to a block at the PSII site
This study provides evidence that Brevis® (Adama, Israel), a Metamitron-based commercial chemical thinner, which is used as an inhibitor of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, interacts with the photoprotective mechanism of the photosynthetic apparatus of both apple cultivars Golden Delicious (GD) and Top Red (TR)
The researchers noted a degradation of Psb-O in response to very high light stress on the apparatus; they suggested that this degradation was caused by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Summary

Introduction

The chemical thinning of pip fruit trees is an essential practice in agriculture as it reduces the natural fruit load, which results in larger fruits and enhanced economic value [1]. The chemical thinner’s main purpose is to decrease sugar supply to the fruitlet and encourage it to drop [2,3]. One way to reduce carbohydrate synthesis is to use photosynthesis-related herbicides that inhibit the photosynthetic electron transport chain [2]. The most common photosynthetic herbicides include 3-(3,4-DiChlorophenyl)-1,1diMethylUrea (DCMU, commercial name—Diuron) and 4-Amino-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-6phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one (metamitron, commercial name—Brevis® ). While DCMU has been substantially researched over the years [4], Metamitron’s mechanism of action and its correct application dosage for apple trees is still a subject of debate [5]

Methods

Results

Conclusion