Metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives as electrode materials for potassium ion batteries: A review

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the impeccable energy storage systems for commercial applications, have been facing the threat of shortage due to the receding levels of lithium resources (20 ppm) in earth’s crust. Research focused on identifying alternate energy storage systems leads to the invigorating growth of potassium ion batteries (PIBs) as prominent candidates owing to the similar electrochemical properties of lithium and abundant resources of potassium. The electrochemical performance and cost of a battery device are believed to have mainly centered around its electrode material. In this review, we are motivated to mainly focus on the progress of emerging MOF chemistry as PIB electrodes in order to achieve good electrochemical performance in PIBs. The rational synthesis methods enable the modulation of key factors such as nanoscale size, rational construction, tailorable porosity, hybrid composition, and structural engineering in MOFs and/or MOF-derived materials were discussed in this review, which can enhance redox properties, alleviate internal stress, provide large interstitial sites, open channels for ion transportation, improve active surface area of electrode material, and further enhance electrode/electrolyte interaction, facilitating distinguished potassium storage capacity in PIBs with superior rate capability and long-term cycling life etc. aspects. The unique characteristics of MOFs and MOF derivatives (carbons, alloying-type metals, metal selenides, metal sulfides, and metal phosphides) including structure, composition, dimensions, and porosity are conducive to their boosted electrochemical performance as anodes and cathodes in PIBs. This review is expected to provide new perspectives and deeper insights into MOF chemistry and its application as advanced PIBs electrodes towards the high electrochemical performance.