Abstract
This study attempts to determine the metallurgical and chemical characteristics of Chinese bronze artifacts from the early Iron Age by taking the bronze artifacts from the Houhe site as an example. The bronze artifacts included vessels, buckles, mirrors, and bells. Elemental compositions of 10 Chinese bronze artifacts from the Houhe site were determined by an x-ray fluorescence system. Microstructures were observed by a polarizing microscope. Most of the artifacts were cast and lacked external evidence of secondary processing. The copper content of the vessels is higher than the other samples, and the copper content of buckles is the lowest. High tin content is a distinctive characteristic of the mirrors. Through comparisons, bells show a decline in the content of copper from the Western Zhou dynasty to the early Han dynasty, and the content of lead increased over time. Combined with historical studies, the findings show that there may have been industrial standards for bronze production during the Han dynasty.
Published Version
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