Abstract
Metals and metalloids play distinct roles in human health, either beneficial or toxic, depending on their concentrations and species. There is an increasing interest in metals uptake, trafficking, function, and exertion in microorganisms to maintain and advance human health. Metallomics, an emerging research area, focuses on elucidation of metals/metalloids location, distribution, speciation, and behavior in living organisms. This paper briefly summarized the recent progress on the methodology development of metallomics including various techniques, i.e. multiple dimensional liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICPMS), gel electrophoresis-laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GE-LA-ICPMS), synchrotron X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XFS), and the applications of metallomics in environmental and health care.
Highlights
Metals and metalloids play distinct roles in human health, either beneficial or toxic, depending on their concentrations and species
This paper briefly summarized the recent progress on the methodology development of metallomics including various techniques, i.e. multiple dimensional liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICPMS), gel electrophoresis-laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GE-LA-ICPMS), synchrotron X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XFS), and the applications of metallomics in environmental and health care
Chromium is probably a well-known example, i.e., chromium(VI) is the most toxic form of chromium which classified as a carcinogen, whereas chromium(III) is a beneficial element required in trace amounts for glucose and lipid metabolism [7]
Summary
As an emerging research field, there is still lack of a wellestablished analytical platform to systematically decipher. The application of sizeexclusion chromatography would well preserve the noncovalent binding between metals and their associated proteins, and reduce the metal loss during separation under harsh conditions. Such a replacement would sometimes compromise the separation capacity [47]. Apart from the above-mentioned chromatography methods, immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a key technique commonly used to capture proteins with metal-binding ability, depending on their differential binding affinities of the surface exposed amino acids towards immobilized metal ion [48,49] This approach could efficiently enrich metal-binding proteins/peptides in order to systematically investigate the whole metalloproteome present in a biological sample, and has been used to identify hepatocellular proteins with copper-binding ability [50], Niinteracting proteins in human B cells [51], copper-binding proteins in Arabidopsis roots [52], and the metalloproteins being targeted by bismuth in Helicobacter pylori [53]. E.g. atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [65] and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) [66,67] have been employed in the early metalloproteomics studies, by digesting the separated protein spots on gels and inserting the resulting solution into the atomic analyzing system
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