Abstract
Novel nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles obtained via green synthesis (gNPs), have a great potential for application in biotechnology, industry and medicine. The special role of gNPs is related to antibacterial agents, fluorescent markers and carriers for drug delivery. However, application of gNPs for construction of amperometric biosensors (ABSs) is not well documented. The aim of the current research was to study potential advantages of using gNPs in biosensorics. The extracellular metabolites of the yeast Ogataea polymorpha were used as reducing agents for obtaining gNPs from the corresponding inorganic ions. Several gNPs were synthesized, characterized and tested as enzyme carriers on the surface of graphite electrodes (GEs). The most effective were Pd-based gNPs (gPdNPs), and these were studied further and applied for construction of laccase- and alcohol oxidase (AO)-based ABSs. AO/GE, AO-gPdNPs/GE, laccase/GE and laccase-gPdNPs/GE were obtained, and their analytical characteristics were studied. Both gPdNPs-modified ABSs were found to have broader linear ranges and higher storage stabilities than control electrodes, although they are less sensitive toward corresponding substrates. We thus conclude that gPdNPs may be promising for construction of ABSs for enzymes with very high affinities to their substrates.
Highlights
Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) offers better manipulation, stabilization and control over crystal growth due to slower kinetics
NPs of noble metals possess low cytotoxicity, enable easy modification of their surfaces, have straightforward synthesis processes and excellent biocompatibility [8,9,10]. Such advantages make metallic NPs obtained by green synthesis prospective for applications in biological analysis, drug delivery and imaging, environmental monitoring, industrial catalysis and electronic devices [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]
Chloride (MnCl2 ), potassium chromate (K2 CrO4 ), palladium (II) chloride (PdCl2 ), chloroplatinic acid (H2 PtCl6 ), neodymium(III) sulfate (Nd2 (SO4 )3 ), sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), 2,20 -azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) diammonium salt (ABTS), methanol, and all other reagents and solvents used in this work were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany)
Summary
Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) offers better manipulation, stabilization and control over crystal growth due to slower kinetics. NPs of noble metals possess low cytotoxicity, enable easy modification of their surfaces, have straightforward synthesis processes and excellent biocompatibility [8,9,10]. Such advantages make metallic NPs obtained by green synthesis (gNPs) prospective for applications in biological analysis, drug delivery and imaging, environmental monitoring, industrial catalysis and electronic devices [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. A special role of these gNPs is related to antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]
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