Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from different types of wastes has become of prime strategic interest given the scarcity of primary critical raw materials at international scale. Implementation of new methods or refinement of classical techniques with modern technological advances is, therefore, an active research field. Mine wastes are of special interest because their high metal concentrations make them environmentally harmful and economically profitable at the same time. In this study, we evaluated two different methods of Cu recovery from extremely acidic mine waters seeping from wastes and abandoned mines in SW Spain. Through a series of different batch experiments, we compared the method efficiency and crystallographic properties of elemental copper (Cu[0]) obtained by reduction of Cu2+ ions by (1) chemical reduction using ascorbic acid at different environmental conditions of pH (1.50–3.95), temperature (25–80 °C) and ascorbic acid concentration (10 mM to 0.1 M), and (2) classical cementation method with scrap iron at pH 1.50 and 25 °C. Our study demonstrates that the precipitation of Cu[0] can take place at pH 3.95 and low AA concentrations (0.1 M), resulting in large (µm-scale), perfectly developed crystals of copper with pseudoprismatic to acicular habit after 24 h of aging, likely through formation of a transient compound consisting in Cu2+-ascorbate and/or cuprite (Cu2O) nanocolloids. Reduction experiments at higher AA concentrations (0.1 M) showed faster precipitation kinetics and resulted in high-purity (>98%) copper suspensions formed by subrounded nanoparticles. The AA method, however, yielded very low recovery rates (15–25%) because of the low pH values considered. The cementation method, which produced tree-like aggregates formed by sub-micron crystals arranged in different directions, proved to be much more efficient (>98% recovery) and cost-effective.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilCopper is of paramount importance in modern technology, being widely used in micro/nanoelectronics [1]
The current practices in different industrial sectors focused on Cu recovery from different wastes include Cu2+ reduction by ascorbic acid as a feasible and apparently efficient technology
For the first time, a comparison of metallic copper products obtained by two different reduction methods from Cu-rich acid mine waters
Summary
Introduction published maps and institutional affilCopper is of paramount importance in modern technology, being widely used in micro/nanoelectronics [1]. Other potential applications of copper nanoparticles aim to take advantage of their known antibacterial properties in the food or medical industry, or to produce lubricating substances for the fabrication of diverse composite materials [2]. Copper nanoparticles have been traditionally obtained by reduction of Cu2+ ions in solution, which does not require expensive equipment and allows the control of particle size and morphology through variation of certain parameters [2]. This method usually requires an alkaline pH to be efficient, since the electrode potential of AA is much lower at alkaline medium
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