Abstract
Effluents from different hospitals were analyzed to Nickel, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Mercury, Cadmium and Zinc resistance among Gram negative bacteria. The resistance among the Gram negative bacterial population varied considerably in different metal and water sampling sites. Gram negative bacteria showed lower metal resistant viable count range 4.01 x104-1.3 x103 at 50-100 μg/ml in site-IV as compared to 11.03x105-1.03x104, 12.02x105-1.4x103 and 12.33x105-2.7x103 in site-I, II and III against all metal tested, respectively. Viable counts of Gram negative bacterial population were recorded higher against Nickel and Zinc from sampling site-III as compared to other sites tested. Lower viable counts of Gram negative bacteria were recorded against Mercury in all sites tested. All the isolates of Gram negative bacteria showed their tolerance level (Minimum inhibitory concentration) in the range of 50-1600μg/ml against all the metal tested. Of 88%, 76% and 86% isolates exhibited their MIC at 50-100 μg/ml against Mercury, Cadmium and Cobalt in all the sites tested, respectively. Maximum 60% and 32% of the isolates demonstrated their MIC at 1200-1600 μg/ml against Cr2+ and Cu2+ from the entire site tested, respectively. All Gram negative bacterial isolates also observed multiple resistance patterns (2-7 metal) in different combination of metals. The Multi metal resistance Index (MMR) index ranges were found (0.03-0.71) indicating the high risk of environmental contamination and emergence of metal resistance which may promote the development of resistance to antibiotics among the pathogens.
Highlights
Wastewater released from hospitals could be loaded with antimicrobial resistant micro-organism and toxic chemicals
In this study, metal tolerant population of gram negative bacteria from the hospital waste water was observed against seven heavy metal (Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Cr3+) at their varying concentrations (25-1200 μg/ml)
Maximum viable count was observed against Cu2+ and Cr3+ in sampling site-I, while the same was found against Co2+ and Ni2+ in site II, III at 25μg/ml respectively
Summary
Wastewater released from hospitals could be loaded with antimicrobial resistant micro-organism and toxic chemicals. Metal pollution remains a major challenge in environmental biotechnology. The concentration of metal pollutants in the environment is usually low excluding in specific areas, which are polluted by various hospitals and industrial wastes. The concentration of heavy metals is very high in ore containing and mining areas (Roane et al, 1996). This has led to growing concern about the consequence of toxic metals as environmental pollutants. This kind of contamination presents a challenge, as the presence of
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