Abstract
Heavy metals play their essential role as nutrients and as cofactors for a variety of enzymes and metallo-proteins (O’Halloran, 1989). Metals are normally present in trace amount in the cell but these levels can increase consistently following environmental or nutritional changes. To avoid toxic effects and death due to metal overload, cells have de-veloped during evolution several biochemical and molecular mechanisms which regulate the metal uptake, its intracellular distribution and elimination from the intracellular compartments. Therefore, it appears that two main processes control intracellular metal ho-meostasis, the first based on the regulation of the enzymatic activities of metal pumps and transporters, the second activating gene transcription.
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