Abstract
This review focuses on the fabrication of biosensors using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as recognition and/or transducer elements. A brief introduction discussing the importance of the development of new biosensor schemes is presented, describing these coordination polymers, their properties, applications, and the main advantages and drawbacks for the final goal. The increasing number of publications regarding the characteristics of these materials and the new micro- and nanofabrication techniques allowing the preparation of more accurate, robust, and sensitive biosensors are also discussed. This work aims to offer a new perspective from the point of view of materials science compared to other reviews focusing on the transduction mechanism or the nature of the analyte. A few examples are discussed depending on the starting materials, the integration of the MOF as a part of the biosensor and, in a deep detail, the fabrication procedure.
Highlights
In recent decades, the scientific community has focus its attention on rapid, sensitive, and selective analysis methods for qualitative and for the quantitative determination of specific target molecules.Nowadays, interest in the detection and quantification of several low-molecular weight organic compounds, as well asmacromolecules, widely applied in daily life, has increased as some of them have demonstrated harmful effects on human health and the environment [1]
metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based biosensor publications are divided in three main syntheses and applied as synthesized, known as raw MOFs; the same polymers prepared following different groups according to their complexity and regarding the fabrication techniques for sensor
This section includes all these MOF-based biosensor schemes where the material is used after its synthesis without further modifications, and it is prepared in the absence of other potential supports that can be used as cores for the crystal growing
Summary
The scientific community has focus its attention on rapid, sensitive, and selective analysis methods for qualitative and for the quantitative determination of specific target molecules. The use of MOFs as recognition elements can be compared with other interesting polymeric materials, such as MIPs, with the exception of the inherent selectivity of the material, as a template molecule is used for the preparation of the latter polymer, and the polymerization mechanism, that follows a coordination or radical pathway, respectively This comparison becomes interesting for the development of chemical biosensors, as MIPs, firstly described in 1949 [32], can be considered as mature materials respect to MOFs [33], but with remarkable similarities. Despite the use of MOFs as raw materials for biosensor development still represents a broad literature production, in recent years the remarkable issues found have resulted in deep investigations to combine their properties with other materials Among these disadvantages, one should highlight the control of the size, shape and morphology in a reproducible way. Their preparation along with other organic and inorganic materials have considerably improved the performance of MOFs for biosensor development [46]
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